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MASS-BALANCE-BNC-THEORY-MODULE2
1.
An aircraft may be weighed
a) in an area of the airfield set aside for maintenance.
b) at a specified 'weighing location' on the airfield.
c) "in an enclosed, non-air conditioned, hangar."
d) in a quiet parking area clear of the normal manoeuvring area.
2.
Which of the following is unlikely to have any effect on the position of the centre of gravity on an aeroplane in flight ?
a) Movement of cabin attendants going about their normal duties.
b) Normal consumption of fuel for a swept wing aeroplane.
c) Lowering the landing gear.
d) Changing the tailplane (horizontal stabiliser) incidence angle.
3.
The distance from the datum to the Centre of Gravity of a mass is known as
a) the moment arm or balance arm.
b) the index.
c) the moment.
d) the force.
4.
"During take-off you notice that, for a given elevator input, the aeroplane rotates much more rapidly than expected. This is an indication that :"
a) the centre of gravity may be towards the aft limit.
b) the centre of pressure is aft of the centre of gravity.
c) the centre of gravity is too far forward.
d) the aeroplane is overloaded.
5.
Dry Operating Mass is the mass of the aircraft less
a) "usable fuel, potable water and lavatory chemicals."
b) usable fuel and traffic load.
c) usable fuel.
d) "traffic load, potable water and lavatory chemicals."
6.
"The total mass of the aeroplane including crew, crew baggage; plus catering and removable passenger equipment; plus potable water and lavatory chemicals but excluding usable fuel and traffic load, is referred to as:"
a) Maximum Zero Fuel Mass
b) Aeroplane Prepared for Service ( APS) Mass.
c) Zero Fuel Mass.
d) Dry Operating Mass.
7.
The responsibility for determination of the mass of 'operating items' and 'crew members' included within the Dry Operating Mass lies with
a) the commander.
b) the authority of the state of registration.
c) the person compiling the weighing schedule.
d) the operator.
8.
If the centre of gravity is near the forward limit the aeroplane will:
a) require less power for a given airspeed.
b) benefit from reduced drag due to the decrease in angle of attack.
c) tend to over rotate during take-off.
d) require elevator trim which will result in an increase in fuel consumption.
9.
An aeroplane is said to be 'neutrally stable'. This is likely to:
a) be caused by a centre of gravity which is towards the forward limit.
b) be totally unrelated to the position of the centre of gravity.
c) cause the centre of gravity to move forwards.
d) be caused by a centre of gravity which is towards the rearward limit.
10.
The Dry Operating Mass is the total mass of the aircraft ready for a specific type of operation but excluding
a) usable fuel and traffic load.
b) "usable fuel, potable water and lavatory chemicals."
c) potable water and lavatory chemicals.
d) usable fuel and crew.
11.
"When the centre of gravity is at the forward limit, an aeroplane will be:"
a) extremely unstable and require excessive elevator control to change pitch.
b) extremely stable and require small elevator control to change pitch.
c) extremely unstable and require small elevator control to change pitch.
d) extremely stable and will require excessive elevator control to change pitch.
12.
An aeroplane is loaded with its centre of gravity towards the rear limit. This will result in:
a) a reduced fuel consumption as a result of reduced drag.
b) an increase in longitudinal stability.
c) an increased risk of stalling due to a decrease in tailplane moment
d) a reduction in power required for a given speed.
13.
"An aeroplane must be re-weighed at certain intervals. Where an operator uses 'fleet masses' and provided that changes have been correctly documented, this interval is"
a) whenever the Certificate of Airworthiness is renewed.
b) 9 years for each aeroplane.
c) whenever a major modification is carried out.
d) 4 years for each aeroplane.
14.
A flight benefits from a strong tail wind which was not forecast. On arrival at destination a straight in approach and immediate landing clearance is given. The landing mass will be higher than planned and
a) the landing distance required will be longer.
b) the landing distance will be unaffected.
c) the approach path will be steeper and threshold speed higher.
d) the approach path will be steeper.
15.
The maximum certificated taxi (or ramp) mass is that mass to which an aeroplane may be loaded prior to engine start. It is:
a) a value which is only affected by the outside air temperature. Corrections are calculated from data given in the Flight Manual.
b) a value which varies only with airfield altitude. Standard corrections are listed in the Flight Manual.
c) a fixed value which is listed in the Flight Manual.
d) a value which varies with airfield temperature and altitude. Corrections are listed in the Flight Manual.
16.
"The maximum mass to which an aeroplane may be loaded, prior to engine start, is:"
a) maximum regulated take - off mass.
b) maximum certificated take - off mass.
c) maximum regulated taxi (ramp) mass.
d) maximum certificated taxi (ramp) mass.
17.
The maximum taxi (ramp) mass is governed by:
a) structural considerations.
b) bearing strength of the taxiway pavement.
c) taxi distance to take - off point.
d) tyre speed and temperature limitations.
18.
The Maximum Zero Fuel Mass is the mass of the aeroplane with no usable fuel on board. It is a limitation which is:
a) governed by the requirements of the centre of gravity limits and the structural limits of the aeroplane.
b) governed by the traffic load to be carried. It also provides protection from excessive 'wing bending'.
c) tabulated in the Flight Manual against arguments of airfield elevation and temperature.
d) listed in the Flight Manual as a fixed value. It is a structural limit.
19.
The Zero Fuel Mass and the Dry Operating Mass
a) differ by the sum of the mass of usable fuel plus traffic load mass.
b) differ by the mass of usable fuel.
c) differ by the value of the traffic load mass.
d) are the same value.
20.
Mass for individual passengers (to be carried on an aircraft) may be determined from a verbal statement by or on behalf of the passengers if the number of
a) passengers carried is less than 6.
b) passengers carried is less than 20.
c) passenger seats available is less than 20.
d) passenger seats available is less than 10.
21.
The Maximum Zero Fuel Mass is a structural limiting mass. It is made up of the aeroplane Dry Operational mass plus
a) unuseable and crew standard mass.
b) traffic load and unuseable fuel.
c) "traffic load, unuseable fuel and crew standard mass."
d) traffic load and crew standard mass.
22.
'Standard Mass' as used in the computation of passenger load establish the mass of a child as
a) 35 kg for children over 2 years occupying a seat and 10 kg for infants (less than 2 years) occupying a seat.
b) 35 kg irrespective of age provided they occupy a seat.
c) 35 kg only if they are over 2 years old and occupy a seat.
d) 35 kg for children over 2 years occupying a seat and 10 kg for infants (less than 2 years) not occupying a seat.
23.
The maximum certificated take - off mass is:
a) a structural limit which may not be exceeded for any take - off.
b) a take - off limiting mass which is governed by the gradient of climb after reaching V2 .
c) limited by the runway take off distance available. It is tabulated in the Flight Manual.
d) a take - off limiting mass which is affected by the aerodrome altitude and temperature.
24.
"For a particular aeroplane, the structural maximum mass without any fuel on board, other than unusable quantities, is:"
a) a fixed value which will limit the amount of fuel carried.
b) a variable value which is governed by the traffic load carried.
c) a variable value which is governed by the traffic load carried.
d) a fixed value which is stated in the Aeroplane Operating Manual.
25.
"An aeroplane, which is scheduled to fly an oceanic sector, is due to depart from a high altitude airport in the tropics at 1400 local time. The airport has an exceptionally long runway. Which of the following is most likely to be the limiting factor(s) in determining the take - off mass ?"
a) maximum zero fuel mass.
b) altitude and temperature of the departure airfield.
c) en route obstacle clearance requirements.
d) maximum certificated take - off mass.
26.
"On an aeroplane with a seating capacity of more than 30, it is decided to use standard mass values for computing the total mass of passengers. If the flight is not a holiday charter, the mass value which may be used for an adult is"
a) 88 kg (male) 74 kg (female).
b) 76 kg
c) 84 kg (male) 76 kg (female).
d) 84 kg
27.
The standard mass for a child is
a) 30 kg for holiday charters and 35 kg for all other flights.
b) 35 kg for holiday charters and 38 kg for all other flights.
c) 35 kg for all flights.
d) 38 kg for all flights.
28.
"On an aeroplane with 20 or more seats engaged on an inter-continental flight, the 'standard mass' which may be used for passenger baggage is"
a) 15 kg per passenger.
b) 13 kg per passenger.
c) 14 kg per passenger.
d) 11 kg per passenger.
29.
In determining the Dry Operating Mass of an aeroplane it is common practice to use 'standard mass' values for crew. These values are
a) "flight crew 85 kg., cabin crew 75 kg. each. These are inclusive of a hand baggage allowance."
b) "flight crew (male) 88 kg. (female) 75 kg., cabin crew 75 kg. each. These include an allowance for hand baggage."
c) "flight crew (male) 88 kg. (female) 75 kg., cabin crew 75 kg. each. These do not include an allowance for hand baggage."
d) "flight crew 85 kg., cabin crew 75 kg. each. These do not include a hand baggage allowance."
30.
"When considering the effects of increased mass on an aeroplane, which of the following is true?"
a) Flight endurance will be increased.
b) Stalling speeds will be higher.
c) Stalling speeds will be lower.
d) Gradient of climb for a given power setting will be higher.
31.
"If an aeroplane is at a higher mass than anticipated, for a given airspeed the angle of attack will"
a) "remain constant, drag will increase and endurance will increase."
b) "be greater, drag will increase and endurance will decrease."
c) "be decreased, drag will decrease and endurance will increase."
d) "remain constant, drag will decrease and endurance will decrease."
32.
Conversion of fuel volume to mass
a) "may be done by using standard fuel density values as specified in the Operations Manual, if the actual fuel density is not known."
b) must be done by using actual measured fuel density values.
c) may be done by using standard fuel density values as specified in JAR - OPS 1.
d) "must be done using fuel density values of 0.79 for JP 1 and 0.76 for JP 4 as specified in JAR - OPS, IEM - OPS 1.605E."
33.
Standard masses may be used for the computation of mass values for baggage if the aeroplane
a) is carrying 30 or more passengers.
b) has 6 or more seats.
c) has 30 or more seats.
d) has 20 or more seats.
34.
Which of the following is most likely to affect the range of centre of gravity positions on an aeroplane?
a) Elevator and tailplane (horizontal stabiliser) effectiveness in all flight conditions.
b) Location of the undercarriage.
c) The need to minimise drag forces and so improve efficiency.
d) The need to maintain a low value of stalling speed.
35.
The term 'useful load' as applied to an aircraft includes
a) the revenue-earning portion of traffic load plus useable fuel.
b) traffic load only.
c) traffic load plus useable fuel.
d) the revenue-earning portion of traffic load only.
36.
At maximum certificated take-off mass an aeroplane departs from an airfield which is not limiting for either take-off or landing masses. During initial climb the number one engine suffers a contained disintegration. An emergency is declared and the aeroplane returns to departure airfield for an immediate landing. The most likely result of this action will be
a) a high threshold speed and a shorter stop distance.
b) a landing further along the runway than normal.
c) a landing short resultant from the increased angle of approach due to the very high aeroplane mass.
d) a high threshold speed and possible undercarriage or other structural failure.
37.
"The Basic Empty Mass of a helicopter is the mass of the helicopter without crew,:"
a) "without traffic load, with specific equipment for the mission, without the unusable fuel."
b) "without specific equipment for the mission, without traffic load, without unusable fuel."
c) "without specific equipments for the mission, without traffic load, with fuel on board."
d) "without specific equipment for the mission, without traffic load, with the unusable fuel and standard equipment."
38.
"In cruise, an extreme aft longitudinal centre of gravity: "
a) moves away the cyclic stick from its forward stop and increases the stress in the rotor head
b) brings the cyclic stick closer to its forward stop and decreases the stress in the rotor head
c) brings the cyclic stick closer to its forward stop and increases the stress in the rotor head
d) moves away the cyclic stick from its forward stop and decreases the stresses in the head rotors
39.
The centre of gravity of an aeroplane is at 25% of the Mean Aerodynamic Chord. This means that the centre of gravity of the aeroplane is situated at 25% of the length of:
a) the mean aerodynamic chord in relation to the trailing edge
b) the mean aerodynamic chord in relation to the leading edge
c) the aeroplane in relation to the leading edge
d) the mean aerodynamic chord in relation to the datum
40.
"The operator of an aircraft equipped with 50 seats uses standard masses for passengers and baggage. During the preparation of a scheduled flight a group of passengers present themselves at the check-in desk, it is apparent that even the lightest of these exceeds the value of the declared standard mass."
a) the operator is obliged to use the actual masses of each passenger
b) the operator should use the individual masses of the passengers or alter the standard mass
c) the operator may use the standard masses for the balance but must correct these for the load calculation
d) the operator may use the standard masses for the load and balance calculation without correction
41.
The datum used for balance calculations is:
a) "chosen on the longitudinal axis of the aeroplane, and necessarily situated between the nose and the tail of the aircraft"
b) chosen on the longitudinal axis of the aircraft and necessarily situated between the leading edge and trailing edge of the wing
c) "chosen on the longitudinal axis of the aircraft, and always at the fire-wall level"
d) "chosen on the longitudinal axis of the aeroplane, but not necessarily between the nose and the tail of the aircraft"
42.
"To measure the mass and CG-position of an aircraft, it should be weighed with a minimum of:"
a) 2 points of support
b) 3 points of support
c) 1 point of support
d) 4 point of support
43.
The Dry Operating Mass of a helicopter is the total mass of a helicopter:
a) ready for a specific type of operation excluding all usable fuel and traffic load
b) excluding the crew but including specific equipments for the mission and not including the usable fuel
c) "including the crew, the usable fuel and the specific equipments for the mission and traffic load"
d) "including the crew, the fuel and the specific equipments for the mission but excluding traffic load"
44.
"During a violent avoidance manoeuvre, a light twin aircraft, certified to FAR 23 requirements was subjected to an instantaneous load factor of 4.2. The Flight Manual specifies that the aircraft is certified in the normal category for a load factor of -1.9 to +3.8. Considering the certification requirements and taking into account that the manufacturer of the twin did not include, during its conception, a supplementary margin in the flight envelope, it might be possible to observe;"
a) rupture of one or more structural components
b) a permanent deformation of the structure
c) "no distortion, permanent or temporary of the structure"
d) "a elastic deformation whilst the load was applied, but no permanent distortion"
45.
Longitudinal CG location can be expressed:
a) as a percentage of the MAC from its trailing edge.
b) with respect to the centre of pressure.
c) as a percentage of the MAC from its leading edge.
d) with respect to the neutral point.
46.
"By adding to the basic empty mass the following fixed necessary equipment for a specific flight (catering, safety and rescue equipment, fly away kit, crew), we get:"
a) zero fuel mass
b) landing mass
c) take-off mass
d) Dry operating mass
47.
"To calculate a allowable take-off mass, the factors to be taken into account include:"
a) the sum of the maximum landing mass and the fuel on board at take-off.
b) the maximum take-off mass minus the trip fuel.
c) the sum of the maximum zero fuel mass and the trip fuel.
d) the sum of the maximum landing mass and the trip fuel.
48.
"In cruise flight, a centre of gravity moving aft will:"
a) increase longitudinal static stability
b) have no effect on longitudinal static stability
c) not change the manoeuvrability
d) decrease longitudinal static stability
49.
The longitudinal centre of gravity datum:
a) Must be located aft of the main rotor mast
b) Can be located anywhere
c) Must be located in line with the main rotor mast
d) Must be located forward of the main rotor mast
50.
The longitudinal centre of gravity datum:
a) Must be located between the forward and aft centre of gravity limits
b) Must be located in line with the main rotor mast
c) Can be located anywhere
d) Must be located forward of or in line with the nose of the helicopter
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